Browsing by Author "Mayanda, Ashura"

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    Bacterial profile and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of asymptomatic Urinary Tract Infection among pregnant women attending ante-natal care at Kairuki Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
    (medrxiv.org, 2025-12-20) Gabriel, Deogratias R.; Mayanda, Ashura; Rogers, Anastasia M.; Kabuga, Hamis; Kungulilo, Selemani; Ngassala, Maureen; Msangi, Walter; Chiduo, Monica; Mtango, Manento E.; Pierre, Jeanne; Kapesa, Haji E.; Balilemwa, Lemmygius D.; Mafuru, Magesa; Isaac Makanda H.
    Introduction Urinary tract infections are common to pregnant and nonpregnant women estimated to 150 million new cases annually. The incidence increases with pregnancy due changes that take place. Causative microbes are E.coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococci species. The disease presents symptomatically or asymptomatically, early investigation, detection and treatment to pregnant mothers are crucial to avoid maternal and foetal complications. Several effective antimicrobials are contraindicated using ineffective agents jeopardizes treatment outcome leading to multidrug resistance. We assessed UTI causative microbes and susceptibility patterns to common antibiotics. Methods We conducted a hospital based cross sectional study at Kairuki hospital involving 262 pregnant mothers attending ante-natal clinics. Mid-stream urine was collected and inoculated on Cysteine-lactose-electrolyte-deficient agar, MacConkey and blood agar. Eleven microbes were isolated and tested for susceptibility against antibiotics using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion technique on Mueller-Hinton agar. Data analysed using SPSS package version 23. Results The prevalence of UTI in pregnant mothers was 31.2% (82/262). The gram positive isolates were more prevalent than gram nmoste (59.3% versus 40.7%) Staphylococcus aureus 22/82 (26.2%) and S. saprophyticus 15/82 (17.9%) were the mostly isolated. Nitrofurantoin, Piperacillin/tazobactam have lowest resistant rate to both gram negative and gram positive isolates ranging from (0-26%) while Erythromycin and Ampicillin have the highest resistant rate ranging from (60-100%) therefore associated with multidrug resistant. Conclusion Asymptomatic UTI is prevalent to pregnant women at this hospital. We recommend culture and sensitivity results to guide treatment and usage of nitrofurantoin, piperacillin/tazobactam as first line treatment of UTI in pregnancy.
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    Sex Bias and Effect of Glutathione S-Transferase Mu1 and Theta 1 genotypes in Drug Resistance Tuberculosis
    (African Journal of Applied Research, 2021) Mayanda, Ashura; Sylvester, Boniphace
    Purpose: Genotypes of human Glutathione S-Transferase Mu1 (GSTM1) and Theta 1 (GSTT1) have been reported to associate with drug resistance in cancer patients and also reported to influence the severity of malaria. This work aims to assess the effect of sex and human glutathione transferase null genotypes on TB drug resistance. The objectives were to determine the association between sex and TB drug resistance and to find the association of Glutathione null genotypes with TB Drug resistance. Design/Methodology/ Approach: A total of 81 TB patients on treatment were purposively recruited in a hospital-based cross-sectional study. Among them 41% (n= 33) were known DRTB patients (cases) while 59% (n=48) were non-resistance Tb patients (control). Data on genotypes of human GST Mu1 and Theta1 were generated using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Descriptive statistics were used to determine the frequency distribution of the genotypes. The association of sex of research participants and human GST Mu 1 and Theta 1 genotypes with drug resistance to DR-TB were analyzed using a binary logistic regression model at a confidence level of 95% and the significance of results were judged at p-value less than 0.05 . Findings: Sex of patients significantly associated with increased risk to DR-TB (OR 5.51, 95% CI: 1.88-16.17, P= 0.002) while GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes did not statistically associate with drug resistance in tuberculosis (P=0.418). Frequencies of GSTM1, GSTT1 and combined GSTM1/GST1 null genotypes were higher in DR-TB patients (39.4%, 42.4% and 21.21% respectively) against (31.3%, 39.6% and 12.5%, respectively) in controls. Sex of TB patients significantly associated with Drug resistance Tuberculosis while GSTT1 and M1 genotypes did not associate with DR-TB. Research Limitation/Implication: This study has therefore explored the effect of human GSTs and the association of gender with drug-resistant tuberculosis. Practical Implications: Sex is an important factor to consider in the management of MDR-TB patients. Originality/ Value: Understanding the association of sex and human genetic factors associated with drug resistance to tuberculosis is also an important way of controlling the disease.